What the Saudi Arabia–Türkiye–Pakistan Mecca Joint Defense Agreement Means for Azerbaijan

For decades, the security architecture of the Middle East was shaped largely by powers outside the region. Foreign military bases, naval deployments, external mediation, and security guarantees from major global … Read More

From Defence Pact to Strategic Autonomy: Building a Tripartite Military-Industrial Ecosystem among Pakistan, Türkiye and Saudi Arabia

To effectively implement the regional tripartite defence pact commonly associated with the Makkah Al-Mukarramah Summit for Joint Defence, the three Middle Powers—Pakistan, Türkiye and Saudi Arabia—must move beyond conventional military … Read More

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